A coffee bean is a seed of the Coffe plant and the source for coffee.
It is the pit inside the red or purple fruit often referred to as a cherry. Just like ordinary cherries, the coffee fruit is also a so-called stone fruit. Even though the coffee beans are not technically beans, they are referred to as such because of their resemblance to true beans.
Green Coffee
The fruits, coffee cherries or coffee berries – most commonly contain two stones with their flat sides together. A small percentage of cherries contain a single seed, instead of the usual two. This is called a "peaberry". The peaberry occurs only between 10 to 15% of the time, and it is a fairly common (yet scientifically unproven) belief that they have more flavor than normal coffee beans.
Like Brazil nuts (a seed) and white rice, coffee beans consist mostly of the endosperm.
Arabica
~60% of the coffee produced worldwide.
Arabica beans consist of 0.8–1.4% caffeine.
Arabica generally likes higher altitudes of 1,800 to 6,300' with cooler climates, while robusta.
Robusta
~40%
Beans consist of 1.7–4% caffeine.
Robusta varieties prefer a lower elevation of 600 to 2,400' with warmer climates.
Within those ranges, the elevation profoundly impacts the coffee.
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Different Heights Produce Different Flavors!
Elevation doesn’t just have a generally positive effect on a coffee’s quality. Allowing for variances from region to region and lot to lot, certain general flavors are associated with different elevations. Coffee is grown:
Below 2,500 feet (762 meters) will be soft, mild, simple and bland
Around 3,000 feet (914 meters) will be sweet and smooth
Around 4,000 feet (~1,200 meters) may have citrus,vanilla, chocolate, or nutty notes
Above 5,000 feet (~1,500 meters) might be spicy, floral, or fruity